Anticoccidial drug resistance and new alternative ways to control in Pakistan

 Poultry is fast developing field all around the world along with marked rise in production. Shortly from 2000-2015 globally chicken meat market enhanced ≥ by 60%. The poultry industry is challenged with numerous infections such as coccidiosis is a protozoan disease that infect the intestinal tract of birds, which is considering as the major destructive disease of poultry. It can lead to excessive economic losses and harmful to animal health and production. 


The overall economic losses has been assessed about 3 billion dollars along with losses in production, control and treatment cost. Primarily coccidiosis leads to morbidity, decline in egg production and weight gain. Moreover, to effect the meat quality through reducing the feed conversion, maldigestion, malabsorption, and finally leads to mortality. For the poultry industry procedures need that chicken is rare on the floor where in hot weather condition higher humidity is most favorable for the growth and spread of coccidiosis in birds, thus the establishment of new natural compounds which are able to control this infection is imperative.



Coccidiosis, the main causative agent I poultry, is obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Eimeria, family Eimeriidae, and phylum Apicomplexa. In poultry 7 Eimeria species have been documented which are linked with clinical coccidiosis such as E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. mitis, E. acervulina, E. praecox, E.  necatrix. Among all of these E. tenella leads to major economic losses in the poultry industry.

Coccidiosis is spread through contact with the dropping of diseased birds. Then birds consume the coccidia from dropping, and the parasite enters the intestinal mucosa leading to injury in the tissues when it reproduces. Additionally, few other environmental or non-environmental factors may lead to the transmission of Eimeria oocysts like low ventilation, high stocking density, high oocyst challenge, bacterial enteritis, low immunity, high moisture level in litter, high humidity and low efficiency of anticoccidial drug. Eimeria species after ingestion may infect and proliferate in the mucosal epithelia in various areas of birds. Afterward, they can lead to gut injury i.e., inflammation, hemorrhages, and diarrhea.



Worldwide, chicken meat is considering as a major animal food along with great consumption. Thus for worldwide food safety, the establishment of new drugs and vaccination to manage the poultry infection is crucial. They are now concerned about development of anticoccidial drugs, which may able to control the organism at the various stages of their growth. In order to control the disease, the studies on Eimeria species has determined the examination of new chemical or natural compounds.



For control of disease used vaccination, anticoccidial drugs, coccidiostat, probiotics, ionophores, natural compounds, and natural extracts. While the continuous application of antimicrobial prompts the multidrug resistance strains of parasites along with the fact that for human consumption in poultry product drug residues can persist. That’s why animal health protocols were recognized, such as in European countries since 2006 mixture of food with anticoccidial additives has been restricted completely, and they remove from the market in 2021.



To manage the coccidiosis vaccine is the protective technique which may lead to prevent the disease. In this concern, the application of natural compounds can be measured as an efficient means to prevent the coccidial infection together with integrated pest control. The use of natural products, and plant derivatives have potential as these new therapeutic molecules are new for the strains of Eimeria so resistance is not developed. For control of avian coccidiosis, the natural products that are used are plants extract, fungi, probiotic, and prebiotic. In poultry a diet supplement has varied influences such as immune system activation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory action and cytoplasmic injury. Additionally, natural compound from plant extracts have metabolites with a diverse mechanism of action that are able to inhibit the various phases of Eimeria species.



Anticoccidial action of plants against Eimeria species

Commercial product

Composition

Supplier

Necotyl®

Vinegar of cider, macerates of red rose, white thyme, goldenrod

La Ferme de Beaumont

Avihicox

Bocconia cordata and clove extract

Centaur

Nutrimin

Apple cider vinegar

Chicken Licken

Oil of oregano factor

Oregano extra virgin olive oil (80% carvacrol)

Natural factors

Oreganico

Oregano oil and essential oils

Flyte so fancy

Oilis

Natural vegetal extracts

Engormix

Poultry pro vita

Probiotics and prebiotics inulin

Vet Plus

Garlic

Garlic granules

Flyte So Fancy

CitriStim®

CitriStim Mannan oligosaccharides and beta-glucans

ADM

Orego-Stim®

Orego-Stim carvacrol (82%) and thymol (2.4%)

 

Avihicox

Bocconia cordata and clove extract

Centaur

Nutrimin

Apple cider vinegar

Chicken Licken

Natustat

Several essential oils and yeast cell walls

Alltech

EnteroGuard

Garlic and cinnamon

Orffa

Ropadiar®

Ethereal oil (oregano oil)

Ropapharm


 


Conclusion:



Coccidiosis in birds commonly leads to diarrhea, morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, a wide range of drugs is commercially available to prevent this infection. Eimeria species over time developed the resistant against anticoccidial drugs. Due to the extensive development of resistance and great concerns of consumer on food protection, various efforts have been made to find the novel agent along with anticoccidial action. In this concern, the studies on natural substitutes have developed rapidly and measured as the most efficient and safest approach to avoid coccidiosis. Additionally, these new strategies are environment friendly while they have a high cost. Current improvement in “omics” offer a new strategy for gene detection containing anticoccidial drug resistant and for the development of marker-assisted selection approaches such as the method for control and prevention of disease.


Dr. Maria Jamil

(Mphil, UAF)

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